Thinking—Fast, Slow, and Artificial: How AI is Reshaping Human Reasoning and the Rise of Cognitive Surrender

2026

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AI-generated summary

1) This paper introduces "Tri-System Theory" to explain how artificial intelligence is fundamentally altering human reasoning and decision-making, leading to a phenomenon called "cognitive surrender."

2) * Introduces Tri-System Theory, positing a third cognitive system (System 3: artificial cognition) alongside System 1 (intuition) and System 2 (deliberation).
* Presents empirical evidence from three experiments demonstrating "cognitive surrender," where individuals uncritically adopt AI outputs, even when incorrect.
* Explores how factors like time pressure, incentives, and individual differences (trust in AI, need for cognition, fluid intelligence) influence cognitive surrender and AI reliance.

3) AI, human reasoning, cognitive surrender, decision-making, Tri-System Theory

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