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Thinking—Fast, Slow, and Artificial: How AI is Reshaping Human Reasoning and the Rise of Cognitive Surrender

2026

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This paper introduces "Tri-System Theory" to explain how AI is fundamentally altering human reasoning and decision-making, leading to a phenomenon called "cognitive surrender."

* **Tri-System Theory:** Proposes a third cognitive system (System 3: artificial cognition) that operates alongside human intuition (System 1) and deliberation (System 2).
* **Cognitive Surrender:** Defines the tendency to adopt AI outputs with minimal scrutiny, overriding internal reasoning processes.
* **Empirical Evidence:** Presents three experiments demonstrating how AI access influences accuracy, confidence, and decision-making patterns, highlighting factors that increase or decrease cognitive surrender.

AI, Human Reasoning, Cognitive Surrender, Tri-System Theory, Artificial Intelligence

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